Assertiveness in Communication free essay sample

For more than two decades psychologists and mental health professionals have been aware of the importance of assertiveness skills. People who find it difficult to assert themselves or their rights and who routinely fit in with others are more vulnerable to depression and more likely to be taken advantage of. This is why assertiveness training is often included in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Teaching people assertiveness skills is a common route to building confidence. Why? Most tasks in life cannot be accomplished alone and require us to communicate and negotiate with others. This is exactly the type of skills that assertiveness training provides. By enhancing an individual’s communication skills, assertiveness training can increase the feeling of self-efficacy – the belief an individual has that they can reach their goal. In other words, learning to assert yourself can help self-belief and self-confidence. What is assertive behaviour? If you asked people how they would define the word ‘assertive’, what would they say? ‘Getting what you want’ would more often than not come up as a response. We will write a custom essay sample on Assertiveness in Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is little doubt that those who are assertive are more likely to get their needs met. The following is a definition of assertiveness which is much more suitable: Being assertive means clear, honest and direct communication of positive and negative thoughts, feelings and opinions while, at the same time, respecting the rights, opinions and feelings of the other person. The seven fundamentals of assertive behaviour 1. Communicating when it is important to you/exercising choice The definition we are using here is the emphasis on communication with others. Behaving assertively does not mean that we have to tell others endlessly how we feel or what we think. Sometimes this would be inappropriate or insensitive. Clearly people who are good communicators are able to judge when is the best and most appropriate way to let others know their feelings. 2. Being direct (but not blunt or rude) It is very common for people to drop hints or hope others ‘get the message’ rather than being open and direct. As we shall see below, often this indirect approach is adopted because people do not have the confidence in their ability to communicate openly with others without giving offence. The problem with this indirect strategy is that other people often do not take the hint or end up receiving mixed messages. Being assertive means being open and honest and not leaving clear communication to chance. 3. Being honest Sometimes people question the relevance of the word ‘honest’ in the definition of assertiveness. ‘Surely it is simply about clear communication? ’ they will say, thus making questions of honesty, or morality, irrelevant. This means that behaving assertively can give us a strong sense of personal integrity and hence improve the way we feel about ourselves. However, to really benefit from the sense of personal integrity and self-worth that assertive behaviour can bring, it is important to treat others with respect and dignity. 4. Treating others with equality and respect The definition of assertiveness we are using encourages us to see the rights and feelings of individuals as equal – as something to be addressed, considered and catered for. In modern parlance, behaving assertively does not mean puffing oneself up and berating other people. 5. Taking responsibility for your thoughts and actions No-one can make me feel inferior without my consent. Eleanor Roosevelt At some point in our lives most of us will have blamed other people for how we feel. We will complain but, as the quote from Eleanor Roosevelt suggests, we are responsible for how we feel. Becoming more assertive is partly about taking more responsibility for how we act and think. It is about owning our feelings rather than attributing their origins to someone else. When we take responsibility for how we feel and what we do, we feel more powerful and in control of our lives. In short, it builds our confidence. 6. Being positive as well as negative It is common for people to equate assertive behaviour with negative or self-serving behaviour. For example, it is easy to see assertive behaviour as voicing criticism of others, saying ‘no’ or generally asserting what we want by asking for help. Being able to say ‘no’ assertively is an important assertiveness skill, as is giving criticism well, but this is not the full story 7. Being open and responsive to others The essence of our assertiveness definition is communication of thoughts, feelings and opinions. However, it is also about being responsive to the impact that this has on other people. Behaving assertively thus requires that we are good listeners and are empathetic enough to pick up the impact that our behaviour has on others. Summary Summary of assertiveness behaviour †¢ Communicating when it is important to you. †¢ Being direct (but not blunt or rude). †¢ Being honest. †¢ Treating others with equality and respect. †¢ Taking responsibility for your thoughts and actions. †¢ Being more positive than negative. †¢ Being open and responsive to others. Advantages to self †¢ Gives a sense of personal integrity. †¢ Builds your self-confidence. †¢ You feel in charge of your behaviour and your life. Impact on relationships/others †¢ People know where they stand with you. †¢ Others respect you, although they may often want you to act in ways which suit them better. †¢ Helps to build good, solid relationships based on trust and respect.

Effectiveness Of The Early Intervention Approach Social Work Essay Essays

Effectiveness Of The Early Intervention Approach Social Work Essay Essays Effectiveness Of The Early Intervention Approach Social Work Essay Essay Effectiveness Of The Early Intervention Approach Social Work Essay Essay a charity which aims to supply practical, emotional and educational support to vulnerable inner-city kids and immature people ( Kids Company Website, 2008 ) . This statement seems really similar to the one Sure Start uses. Kids Company s methods of early intercession, nevertheless, differ significantly from those of Certain Start. Kids Company s effectivity lies in its proviso of advanced, flexible and child-centred services. Kids Company provides targeted curative and societal work intercessions, and cosmopolitan category and group entree to the humanistic disciplines. ( Gaskell, 2008, p4 ) Personal relationships with people they are making. Self-referal. Accessibility is an of import factor for intercession strategies. If parents or kids do non entree intercession ( whether it be through pick or deficiency of cognition ) The premise is that behind every kid is a responsible grownup, who will voyage the way to services ( Camilla Batmanghelidjh, 2006, p15 ) . Sadly, the truth for many kids who would profit most from intercession services is that their chief carers are non willing or can non be bothered ( uninterested? ) to let their kid to go to ( Batmanghelidjh, 2006 ) . Motivations behind intercession strategies Politicss Children s public assistance? Money The purpose for the Certain Start enterprise was that it should be based on the best grounds of what works ( Glass, 2001, p14 ) . Lack of financess can intend that some kids get overlooked by local governments and societal services. In her book, Camilla Batmanghelidjh ( 2006 ) describes coming into contact with kids who were enduring from deficiency of nutrient and disregard, mentioning these kids to societal services, but detecting that they were non eligible for aid due to miss of resources and excessively many instances of sexual and physical maltreatment. Many kids drop out of the instruction system and are neer pursued by the system because the behavioral and emotional troubles of the kids are excessively much of a load to school staff ( Batmanghelidjh, 2006 ) . Many interrelated factors place kids at hazard of following behavior that could be seen as a societal issue. Many kids who already pattern such behavior are likely to hold been conditioned by their household s socio-economic fortunes. Socially unacceptable behaviors can take to societal exclusion, which can, in bend, consequence in the following coevals s societal exclusion ( Clarke, 2007 ) . Children s attitudes, accomplishments and behaviors are shown to be linked to the environment in which they grow up in. The largest influence is shown to be that of the household ( Parton, 2007 ) . Talk about EPPE. The key, when looking at covering with societal issues, lies in undertaking the implicit in factors. This could be by the agencies of supplying services and/or resources. These factors include poorness, hapless nutrition, emotional disregard and underachievement. There is an overall apprehension that these factors can non be isolated from one another ( happen grounds ) . Intervention is a term that suggests that an outside beginning will come in to step in with whatever is traveling on and vanish once more one time excessively issue is fixed or eradicated. Analyzing effectivity ( research ) Measuring larger scale early intercession programmes Early Effectss of CTC ( Hawkins et Al, 2008 ) Reports positive effects, but the consequences are quantitative looking at if the kids have taken drugs or shown marks of delinquent behavior. Not looking at the kids s positions of how the undertaking may hold changed their lives issues such as being listened to, valued and experiencing portion of the community. if services can non stipulate what changes they expect to see for `successful users, judges surely can non mensurate them, allow entirely go through opinion on whether the service has proved effectual. ( Ghate, 2001, p25 ) Strengths of early intercession attacks imply that these are the grounds for sensed effectivity. Contrary to the strengths of early intercession undertakings, their failings reveal the infinite for betterment within the services. The New Labour authorities has introduced several intercessions that aim to profit households. Much research would back up the thought that early intercession strategies such as Certain Start have a positive benefit on kids s wellbeing ( ) , but how far can research reflect the true image of what is go oning to under-privileged kids in this state? This force per unit area to mensurate a scene s effectivity can take away from the sum of clip practicians can pass with the kids: Time and energy is, hence, progressively sapped from those supplying services to make full in signifiers for external intents, instead than back uping kids. ( Lewis and Utting, 2001, p4 ) . Ironically, this could negatively impact the effectiveness of the intercession. Accessibility- If many people are accessing services, so the likeliness of them holding an impact is increased. Alternatively, if there are non adequate staff members to run into the demands of the attendants, so the likeliness of effectivity is necessarily decreased. Before an educational result at that place needs to be an emotional 1 ( Batmanghelidjh, 2006, p23 ) . Successful results or effectivity of an intercession service are non immediately noticeable. It may take old ages for disturbed kids to prosecute in behavior they were antecedently unable to. Their results are personal, and their successes are frequently single and emotional first, before they become seeable in the universe of academe and work. ( Batmanghelidjh, 2006, p 22 ) The job with showing results in the manner that they are being demanded is that clinicians try and exclude kids from their services who are likely non to supply positive results. p.23 This is non through inhuman treatment, though, but because the clinician relies on the money they earn for making their occupation effectively . Money is basically the ground why so many kids do non have the services they should. Children are being dehumanised by being treated as statistics that keep grownups in their occupations. So many of our current intercessions with vulnerable kids come from the position of the well-balanced grownup, necessitating to continue our ain sense of safety. ( p 153 ) Short-run enterprises, where the practician enters the kid s state of affairs, offers a quick-fix remedy and so disappears once more, are simply decorative. This sort of intercession offers no existent solution to the issues that disadvantaged kids face. The authorities thrive on statistics that have been distorted to reflect their political end ( happen some ) . The public want statistics to demo them that issues are being resolved. It is to make with how committed people are to seeing alteration. Short-run enterprises are uneffective, due to the fact that people are complex existences. Effective early intercession programmes have recognised the demand to construct relationships with the people behind the issues . Decision Childs who carry out anti-social behavior are sometimes referred to as being delinquent ( Hawkins, 2008 ) . This reflects the medical theoretical account of disablement, that which implies that the mistake lies within the kid and needs to be fixed. The purpose of some early intercession programmes can be to profit broad society instead than the kid. Blair ( 2008 ) radius of a new political enterprise that would place those most at hazard of piquing at birth. This sort of intercession would non be good to the kid. Bing labelled from birth as a possible wrongdoer could bring forth a self-fulfilling prophesy. The most effectual early intercession programmes are those that make a committedness to the kids themselves ; that aim to do them experience valued as members of society and offer them the best chances. Many of the early intercession programmes explored, such as Communities That Care ( CTC ) dressed ore on impressions of conveying the community together and constructing societal capital from within the community. We can non anticipate kids to move as responsible members of the community unless they are treated as such. Not merely garnering their positions but affecting them, affecting them in planning and development of programmes as will see changeless unfavorable judgment from the kids is nothing really happens Disenchantment The delinquent kid ( Hawkins, 2008 ) Looking at how the kid is framed within early intercession programmes. Is it to do them experience valued, of import and give them the best chances? Or is it to screen them out for the interest of wider society? Government enterprises: Identifying those at hazard of piquing at birth ( Blair, 2008 ) . Fits with authoritiess crack-down on anti-social behavior and ASBO s. More positive: Certain Start, rearing programmes. Want to forestall the jobs before they start, but such attacks label the kid before they have even offended. This is likely to estrange them farther from society. Not helpful! Distribution of power Counterterrorist center Programme is consistently applied from the exterior Community driven and the community identifies jobs they believe need turn toing But, research by ( Brown et al 2007 ) into the Community Youth Development Study: Leaderships were those who already held leading places i.e. city managers, metropolis directors, constabularies heads, school overseers. These were the people who were interviewed, aboard five referred leaders No attempt to interrupt down power relationships. Study itself is non representative. We do non hear the positions of different community members. Older respondents and those from jurisprudence enforcement were more likely to describe higher baseline degrees of coaction than younger respondents or those from other community sectors ( Brown et al 2007 ) . So once more condemnable justness system taking the lead. Ultimately, people giving their clip and fundss can make such impressive things for the demand of their communities . And I think that s what our universe is urgently in demand of lovers, people who are constructing deep, echt relationships with fellow strugglers along the manner, and who really know the faces of the people behind the issues they are concerned about. Shane Claiborne ( The Irresistible Revolution, 2006 ) Specify what can be meant by societal issues in this essay. What does it intend to deal with societal issues? What is effectiveness? How can we mensurate such a relative/ idiosyncratic thing? What types of early intercession are at that place? Government plans Surestart Voluntary sector- charity work/ people taking to populate in deprived community to assist alter for the better. Education? Therapists? Health? New hampshire, accoucheuses, wellness visitants etc. What grounds are at that place to believe that these methods work? CTC informations ( big ordinal number of sentiment studies do these to the full reflect true image? ) Case surveies? Government surveies ( genuinely dependable? Short term? Who are they financed by and for what aim? ) What alternate attacks are at that place to early intercession? ! ( What are we comparing early intercession to to do the premise that it is the most effectual attack to cover with societal issues? Other states ( Norway and Sweden ) Are households prosecuting with intercession undertakings? Non-engagement ( Anning and Ball 2008 ) Intervention or demand of resources? ? Arnold et Al ( 2003 ) : Specific demands of communities and the persons themselves within such communities need to be addressed. Great diverseness of demands It is the environment that needs altering non the person. Brown et Al ( 2007 ) CTC organizes the acceptance of a science-based attack to prevention into five phases that correspond to Rogers ( 1995 ) phases of invention diffusion. Each phase is guided by a set of mileposts and benchmarks that are used to supervise CTC execution p181 Diffusion is the procedure through which ( 1 ) an invention ( 2 ) is communicated through certain channels ( 3 ) over clip ( 4 ) among the members of a societal system ( Rogers, 1995 ) . Most persons evaluate an invention, non on the footing of scientific research by experts, but through the subjective ratings of near-peers who have already adopted the invention. Diffusion is basically a societal procedure through which people speaking to people spread an invention.

Cloud Computing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cloud Computing - Assignment Example Cloud computing might be the frontier in business computing and service delivery, but it does not actually differ from the traditional file hosting and network given that they both use the same technology. The significant difference that makes cloud computing more striking exists in the execution of the technology; virtualization. Virtualization avails clients with unlimited resources given that it allows for large scalability. Cloud computing allows businesses to enter new markets and to get closer to customers thus easy delivery of new services. Cloud technologies are commonly used by businesses, as a catalyst, to implement new processes and systems that free organizations to maximize not only business results but also the functional metrics. The paper examines the difference that exists between cloud services and then traditional networks and hosting. (Ivanov, 2012). Cloud services offer a number of business and economic benefits to an organization such as the access to a highly scalable infrastructure while reducing the cost of operation and maintenance. Servers in traditional networking and hosting set ups are fixed in hardware meaning that an organization has to spend more money in upgrades in case it wants to scale up in order to cater for more users than the current hardware can support. This proves to be costly with minimal benefits given that the upgraded hardware is still limited to a number of users. (Rittinghouse & Ransome, 2010). Cloud services, on the other hand, has its servers and other infrastructures virtually installed in place enabling for scalability from small needs of users to massive corporate needs. The ability for cloud computing to easily scale resources with minimal cost makes it more affordable than the traditional hosting system since users only pay for what they use. Server and infrastructure upgrades are done by the cloud service providers rather than the business organization thus ensuring

Sexual Harassment Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sexual Harassment Law - Research Paper Example The alleged misconduct should be so severe and pervasive as to disturb emotional wellbeing and work performance of the victim which conditions are prima facie requirement for a conduct to be characterized as sexual harassment. The paper further lists out reasons for an organization to have sexual harassment policy statement along with the contents of the written policy as stated in the appendix. This research has also discussed the case law of Beth Ann Faragher, Petitioner V. City Of Boca Raton (1998). 1. Define sexual harassment as the term is used legally.   The legal definition of sexual harassment is: the illegal discrimination in employment based on sex. This definition is only a part of the behaviors that could constitute sexual harassment. The illegal employment discrimination behaviors and the experiences of sexual harassment often overlap. They are however not congruent. Some behaviors are readily identifiable as sexual harassment such as the supervisor’s demand on the employee to engage in sexual activity with him as a condition to continue in employment. Sexual harassment may not be overtly experienced by the victim but subjectively in a less defined contexts which may not be illegal (Gold, 2004). In Harris v Forklift Systems, Inc (1993), it was held by the Supreme Court that psychological injury cannot be claimed to prove sexual harassment under the constitutional law. ... Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC) has been entrusted with the responsibility to enforce the provisions of Civil Rights Act relating to discrimination (Gold, 2004). The EEOC’s definition of sexual harassment states â€Å" Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitutes sexual harassment when (1) submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual’s employment, (2) submission to rejection or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual, or (3) such conduct has the purpose or the effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment† (Gold, 2004, p. 20) The definition has evolved through case law. The EEOC guideline cannot be technically law though it is subject to the judicial review of the Supreme Court. Thus, review has resulted in two kinds of sexual harassment. One, Quid pro quo harassment which arises when an employee is forced to exchange sexual favors for the benefit of employment present or future or to avoid adverse employment action. Second one is Hostile environment harassment that results in â€Å"severe or pervasive ridicule, unwelcome intimidation or insult based on sex† (p 21) 2. Explain how sexual harassment differs from gender discrimination.   Gender discrimination is mainly based on an individual’s gender in a sub group of female or male. It is different from sexual harassment for want of sexual

Acounting for pensions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Acounting for pensions - Essay Example However, most employers invest the pensions to be managed by a separate entity. The entities that manage the pensions recognize the assets and liabilities on their net values. The accounting practices for pensions faces a lot of criticism such as lack of clarity in the disclosure of the postretirement accounting information. The accounting practices ignored the importance of full recognition of the effects of pension contracts on the company’s performance. For this reason, a big deal of pension contract related costs are borne by the users of such information. Secondly, some investors have expressed concerns on the reporting of gains and losses. They propose the elimination of the smoothing of gains and losses as allowed under GAAP. This method should be replaced by a separate recognition of pension plan’s assets and liabilities on the balance sheet. Lastly, preparers criticize the short-term approach to accounting for pension transactions (The United States Securities and Exchange Commission 49 – 59). In view of the above criticism, the staff members propose an improvement regarding the accounting practices. First, they suggest a long-term approach to accounting for pensions since the post retirement contract is long-lived. Second, further disclosures besides those contained in the financial statements should be provided to ensure further clarity of the contents of the financial statements. Lastly, the staff proposes that issuers should give more time the preparation of the postretirement financial information in order to facilitate the provision of more useful information to the users (The United States Securities and Exchange Commission 107 – 108). The United States Securities and Exchange Commission. N.d. Report and Recommendation Pursuant to Section 401 (c) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 On Arrangements with Off-balance sheet Implications, special purpose

Importance Of Distribution Channels Marketing Essay

Importance Of Distribution Channels Marketing Essay Meaning: in the field of marketing, channels of distribution indicates routes or pathways through which goods and services flow, or more from producers to consumers. We can define formally the distribution channels as the set of interdependent marketing institutions participating in the marketing activities involved in the movement the flow of goods or services from the primary producers to ultimate consumers. A channel of distribution is a path traced in the direct or indirect transfer of ownership of a product as it moves from producers to consumers. A channel is pipeline through which a flows on its way to the consumers. The manager put his products into the pipeline marketing channels and it moves towards various marketing people and reaches the ultimate consumer which is the other end of the channels. Components of distribution system: The distribution system involves two components such as below. Channels of distribution Physical distribution Channels of distribution: means a process through which the products are transferred from the producers to the ultimate consumers. It also known as marketing channels. The channels members such as merchants agents wholesalers and retailers are middlemen in distribution and they perform all marketing functions. These channels members such as merchants agents wholesalers and retailers are middlemen in contribution and try perform according to marketing functions. These middlemen facilitate the process of exchange and create time, place and possession utilities through matching and sorting process. Sorting enables meeting or matching the supply with consumers demand. Physical distribution: it looks after physical handling of goods and assures maximum customers services. It aims at offering of delivery of right goods at the night distribution activities cover: Order processing Packaging Warehousing Transportation Inventory control Customer service. All middle in distribution on performs these function and they assure putting the products with in an arms length customers desire and demand. Elements of distribution channels: Path way: distribution channels are a pathway through which products and services flow from manufacturers to customers. Flow: this of goods and services in sequential and usually in directional. Composition: it is composed of intermediaries also called middlemen who participate in the flow of voluntarily. Objectives: although channels components largely strive to achieve mutually acceptable objectives, the manufacturer focus is an achieving corporate marketing objective. Leader: manufacturer leads the channels components and their behavior is regulated by mutually acceptable code of conduct, trade customer and or contracted stipulation. Thus the company acts as the channels caption and manages the pathway. Functions: the intermediaries perform such functions which facilitates transfers of ownership and possession of goods and services from marketers to consumers. The function performed by intermediaries is been classified as follows: Sorting out: it involves breaking a homogeneous through grading or inspection. Accumulation: it involves bringing a number of like products together into a large homogeneous supply. This process is called concentration. Allocation: it involves sorting out of accumulated products and consists of breaking down a homogeneous supply into smacker lots it is also referred to as the process of dispersion. Assorting: it involves building an assortment of different but perhaps a related product to form a stock of an intermediary. At the manufacturer level assortment are dictated by production technology while at the consumer and, use assortments are governed by consumption pattern. These discrepancies in assortment create opportunities for intermediaries to participate in the channels of distribution. Importance of distribution channels: Channels of distribution for a product the route taken by the title to goods they are from the producers to the ultimate consumers. It is very important because product in one place while the consumption scattered in many place. So there is big gap between producers and the consumers. So through channels of distribution can only fill the gap. A channel of distribution connects a link between the producers and the consumers. The middle man plays an important role in consumer orientation demand. The middlemen are specialist in concentration equalization and dispersion, i.e. collects output of various producers subdivide the products according to the needs of the consumers. disperse this assortment to the consumers. The success of channels of distribution [COD] is completely depending upon the middlemen as they create time and possession utility. The COD helps in making products available at right time in the night place and in the right quality. Marketing is a comprehensive term, which includes distribution also, distribution is a function to distribution or sub divided the producers goods to various specific markets which incurred to all ultimate consumers. Role of channels of distribution Channel of Distribution plays a very important role in achieving the marketing objectives of a company. Undoubtedly, the manufacturer of product or services creates involve utility but the distribution channels create time and place utilities. According to Drucker, both the market and distribution channels are offer more crucial than the product. They are primary; the product is secondary. In an ever widening market, particularly in consumer goods market distribution channels have a distinctive role in the successful implementation of marketing plans and strategies. These channels performing the following marketing functions the machinery of distribution. The searching out of buyers and seller. Matching goods to requirements of the market(merchandising) Offering products in the form of assortments packages of items usable and acceptable by the consumers /users. Persuading and influencing the prospective buyers to favor a certain products and its maker [personal selling /sales promotion]. Implementing pricing strategies in such a manner that would be acceptable to the buyers and ensure effective distribution functions. Participating actively in the creation and establishment of market for a new product. Offering pre- and after sales service to customer Transferring of new technology to the users along with the supply of products and playing green resolution in our country. Providing feels back information, marketing intelligence and sales forecasting services for their regions their suppliers. Offering credit to retailers and consumers. Risk- bearing with references to stock holding transport. MIDDLEMAN IN DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS Merchant intermediaries are those channels member who take both title to and position of goods from the proceeding member (s) and channels them to the subsequence. These may classify as follows: Wholesalers : A merchants wholesalers may be defined as that intermediary who buys goods in bulk from manufactures and sells them largely to subsequent intermediaries participating in the channel, namely, semi-wholesalers and retailers, they buy the goods and sees the same on their own account and risk. They take title of goods and they resale the goods at a profit with commission. Retailers: A retailer may be defined as that merchant intermediary who buys product from preceding challes members in smaller assorted lots to suit individuals consumer requirements. Retail in the final middlemen in the channel of distribution as he is going to sell products to houses holds consumers for non- business use. Retailers are further classified as institutional and non- institutional retailers. The institutional retailers are: Consumer Co- operative stores. Fair price shops. Departmental stores. Chain / multiple stores. Mail order houses. The non-institutional buyers are: Stress sellers. Peddlers. Hawkers. Agent Intermediaries: Agent Intermediaries are those channel components who never take title to end usually do not take title to and usually do not take possession of goods but merely assist manufacturers, merchants intermediaries and consumers in carrying out transactions of sale and purchase. There for, unlike merchant intermediaries, they do not buy or sell goods on their own account but merely bring buyers and sellers together in order to strike a transaction. There exist an agency relationship between such an intermediary manufacturers where in the former acts as agent and the latter as his principal, such agent intermediaries solicit orders, sometimes with discretion a fixing prices, and determines the term of sale with buyers. Agent intermediaries are usually compensable for their services by way of commission on the value of sale affected through them or any other basis naturally agrees upon. Agent intermediaries may be further classified as follows: Sole selling agent. Selling agent. Commission agent. Brokers. Channel decision The first problem of channel design in whether you want direct sale to consumer or indirect sale i.e., sale through middleman under the direct sales the channel problem becomes problems of company organization. If the company chooses the indirect route, it must consider such problem as the type and number of middlemans and methods to be employed in motivating and controlling them. The selection of these middlemen beings with the knowledge of ultimate customers-his needs and desires for distribution services. Customer conveniences and economics of exclusive distribution will determine the number of middleman employed. The company must choose whether to attempt extensive, selective or exclusive distribution or combination of all three types, the decision is made after the careful analysis of product, customer, dealers, and company objectives and policies, and the conflict with in the channels and any other relevant factors. The company must resolve channels and bring the product profit ably to the market. In the chance managements a manufacturer has to make three decisions: Section of a particular middleman at each level and in each market. Number of middlemen at each level and in each market. Selection of particular middlemen for selling goods, with or without any exclusive rights of distribution. Once the company has determined, its basic channel design and levels of distribution, it has to select middlemen appoint them, motivate their efforts, evaluate their utility periodically and if necessary, it has to reorganizing the channels in the light of experience. Channel choice Channel decisions also require special attention as involve long term commitments to other firms with whom marketer enters in to a contract. The problem of selecting the most suitable channel 0f distribution for a product is complex. The most fundamental factor for channel choice and channel management it economic criteria, viz., cost and profit criteria, we have to consider a number of factors such as the nature of the product, market trends, competition outlooks pricing policies typical consumer needs, as well as needs of the manufacture critical factor. Product factors Product manufactured by a company itself is a governing factor of great force in the distribution channel selection. The product attributes shape the channel decision in the following manners, If a commodity is perishable or fragile a producer prefers few and controlled levels of distribution. For durable and standardized goods longer and diversified channel may be necessary. For custom made product direct distribution to consumer or industrial user may be desirable. Systems approaches needs package deal and shorter-channel serves the purpose. For technical product requiring specialized and selling and serving talent, we here the shortest channel. Products of high unit value are sold directly by traveling sales force and not through middlemen. Market factors Under the modern concept of marketing market factor shape all marketing decision. As a corollary, the distribution channel choice is considerably influenced by market factor. Consumers: the numbers of consumers, their geographic location and purchase pattern considerably govern the choice of a channel. Intermediaries: the relative strength and weakness of intermediaries and the difference in the type of function performed and facilities and privileges desired by them often determine the choice of channel. Competitors: the distribution channels used by competitors also influence the channel choice because it may be the customary channel used by all those operating in the field. If the market size is large, we have many channels where as in a small market direct selling may be profitable. Company factors Like markets and products, companies own strength and weakness significantly influence and shape channel choices. Financial strength: a company with substantial and financial resources need not really too much on the middlemen and can offered. To reduce the levels of distribution a weaker company has to open on middlemen to secure financial and warehousing relief. Past channel experience: in case often old and established company its past experience of working with certain kind of intermediaries also condition channel choice. Marketing policies: the marketing policies relevant to channels decision may relate to advertising delivery, after sales service and pricing. Reputation: it is said that the reputation travels faster than the man. It is true in case of companies also who wish to select distribution channels. Middlemen Middlemen who can provide wanted marketing services will be given first preference. The selected middle men must offer maximum co operation particularly in promotional services. They must expect marketing policies and programs of the manufacturers and actively help them in their implementation. The channel generating the largest sales volume unit cost will be given top priority this will be minimizing distribution cost. Competitors Marketers closely watch the channels used by rivals. Many a times, similar channels may be desirable to bring about distribution of your products also. Followers, sometimes marketers deliberately avoid customary channels (dominated by rivals) and adopt different channels strategy for instance, you may by pass retail store channel (usually used by rival) and adopt door to door sales (where there is no competitors). Environmental factors Marketing environment can also influence the channel decision. During recession or depression, shorter and cheaper channel is always preferable. In times of prosperity we have a wider choice of channel alternatives. Technological inventions also have impact on distribution. The distribution of the perishable goods even in distant markets becomes a reality due to cold storage facilities in transport and warehousing. Hence this led to expanded role of intermediaries in the distribution of perishable goods. Arranging in classes of distribution channels and intermediaries Types of distribution channels: broadly distribution channels may be classified as a non integrated and integrated channel is individual or conventional marketing channels.

Evolution of Women’s Sports: Annika Sorenstam Strives for Perfection n

Evolution of Women’s Sports: Annika Sorenstam Strives for Perfection not Feminism Over the past 50 years, women’s sports have become more prevalent not only in the United States but also across the world. The ability for young girls and women to participate in athletics provides an avenue to experience competitive environments as well as build self-confidence in a world still dominated by men. During the early stages of women’s sports, the main idea was to show that women were worthy of having their own teams and organizations as an extension of the existing men’s sports. In other words, to prove to everyone the women could play many of the same sports that men could play. Women’s sports today are reaching a turning point in their development. They are not necessarily trying to emphasize the feminism and equality so predominant during the inception of women’s sports, but rather focusing on performing and competing at the highest level possible. This includes constantly challenging themselves and always striving for excellence in whatever sport they participate in. Women’s golf is a perfect example of this recent phenomenon. Number one ranked LPGA player Annika Sorenstam turned the golfing world on its head in the past few months by accepting a sponsor exemption to the Bank of America Colonial, a PGA event. Her acceptance was met with all types of media attention, including talk of making a statement for all women. However, Annika was quick to explain that her decision to play in the Colonial stemmed from her desire to challenge herself and elevate her own game to a new, unprecedented level. Women’s athletics has become a permanent fixture at every level in almost every sport worldwide. From y... ...a.† http://coachingforthefuture.com/Company_Information/Articles/Coach_Pia/coach_pia.html. 1997. â€Å"Ever-Busy, Mulit-talented Nilsson Dedicates Time to Teaching, Traveling, Forming Friendships.† http://coachingforthefuture.com/Company_Information/Articles/Ever_Busy_Nilsson/ever-busy_Nilsson.html. February 3, 2003. Homeyer, Hilary. Personal Interview. February 2003. â€Å"Sorenstam Says All the Right Things.† http://coachingforthefuture.com/Company_Information/Articles/Sorenstam_Says_Right/sorenstam_says_right.html. May 20,2003. â€Å"Sorenstam Tries a Proving Ground.† http://coachingforthefuture.com/Company_Information/Articles/Sorenstam_Proving_Ground/sorenstam_proving_ground.html. May 18,2003. â€Å"Swedish Scoring Secrets.† http://coachingforthefuture.com/Company_Information/Articles/Swedish_Scoring_Secrets/swedish_scoring_secrets.html. November 1997.

Family is losing its functions Essay

Using material from Item 2B and elsewhere assess the view that, in today’s society the family is losing its functions. As stated in Item 2B, the family fulfils a number of important functions for individuals and for society, such as the socialisation of children and the stabilisation of adult personalities. However, some sociologists suggest that, in today’s society, the family is losing its importance as these functions are being taken over by other institutions; for example, nurseries have an increasingly important role in the socialisation of young children whose parents are working full-time. Functionalists see the family as a particularly important sub-system; they believe that the nuclear family is a key institution as it meets basic needs. Murdock (1949) argues that the family performs four essential functions to meet the needs of society and its members. Firstly, they offer economic support to provide the children with all the fundamental necessities they requir e in life e.g. food, shelter and water. They too give a stable satisfaction of the sex drive with the same partner, making their partner feel more safe and secure, as well as reducing the chances of getting STDs. Another purpose is reproduction of the next generation, without which society could not continue. Further to this, it also provides the child with 2 role models and so, they will feel more safeguarded of having both parents. Lastly, it socialises the young into society’s shared norms and values- without this, society would suffer from negative impacts e.g. feral children. A criticism to Murdock’s study is that it is out-dated, many sociologists argue that society has now changed and these functions can be performed equally well by other institutions, or by non-nuclear family structures. Marxists and Feminists reject his ‘rose-tinted’ consensus view that the family meets the needs of both wider society and all the members of the family. They argue that functionalists don’t review exploitation and conflict within society. Marxists argue that the family maintains class inequality and capitalism and so, the functions of the family are performed purely for the benefit of the capitalist system. They do not see the nuclear family in the same way as functionalists and believe that they ignore the ‘dark side’

Renaissance Traits Essay

Renaissance Traits Essay Renaissance Traits Essay Classicism: studying Greek + Roman Latin + Greek, educated Study of Cicero and Plato, Self awareness. EX: Ficino attempted to synthesize Plato and Christianity. He was the first to come up with the hierarchy of beings-from God to Animals. It was a mans choice whether he would grow great. Virtà ¹: Man’s ability to shape the world around them with their will. Individualism: Rising throughout the Reinissance: Less Guilds, more Individual pride. Ex: Alberti: talented reinissance man who wrote an Autobriography. Humanism: â€Å"Liberal Studies† Roman Greek writing. Philosophy, classics. More attention to the human body in art, Michelangolo’s David. Secularism: Less attention to God, became more Individually concerned. God fell out of the picture. EX: The Courtier-book on how to raise young men: lots of stuff on writing and greek yada yada, no mention of piety. People study humanism instead of the usual Gods. Feudal: Kings-Vassals-Serfs. People went to the nobles for protection, after Charlemange’s empire collapsed. Lords and vassals (both are of noble status) Reciprocal obligations = contractual Lord owes to vassal: land (fief), protection Lord’s court/council Vassal owes to lord: would agree to fight for the Lord at his request, would attend the Lord’s court. Manorialism – basic economic system; communal, open field farming, 2-field system. Lords (nobles) and serfs (lower class, commoners) Manorialism made all peasants (serfs) completely dependent upon their masters. The lord had control over their estates, or manors, and the serfs. The serfs worked for the master, while the master provided food, housing and defense. The manor usually consisted of a village for the serfs (sometimes a church and mill), manor house for the lord, farmable land, pastures for livestock, and other land such as streams or meadows and forests. Compare with Reinissance Traits Group VS. Individual Religious VS. Secular Insular (uninterested in cultures) VS. Well learned Reinissance (1350-1550) Rebirth of economic and poltical in city states of northern Italy. Began in Italy because of great Trade, surplus of food and wealth. Extra people for crafts. Charactersitics: Great achievments in art )better perspective and detail) Literary achievments and science and math. Italien city states: why are they conductive Popolo: Common people; unhappy Signori: One man ruled and handed down-kept faà §ade up Oligarchy: Certain people ruled and kept faà §ade up Because of Individualism these wealthy people would commission great works of art to show their wealth. Reputation was everything do something for the public and they will like you. Less Religion: Nicholas Machevalli wrote The prince first modern guide to politics. Leader whould be ruthless and do whats necessary to keep power-not piety or morals. Differs from medivial. Christian Humanism/north: combines Christianity and classics. More-wrote a crticial edition of the new testament so everyone could

The Council of Nicea and the Arian Controversy

The Council of Nicea and the Arian Controversy The Arian controversy (not to be confused with the Indo-Europeans known as Aryans) was a discourse that occurred in the Christian church of the 4th century CE, that threatened to upend the meaning of the church itself. The Christian church, like the Judaic church before it, was committed to monotheism: all the Abrahamic religions say there is only one God. Arius (256–336 CE), a fairly obscure scholar and presbyter at Alexandria and originally from Libya, is said to have argued that the incarnation of Jesus Christ threatened that monotheistic status of the Christian church, because he was not of the same substance as God, instead a creature made by God and so capable of vice. The Council of Nicea was called, in part, to resolve this issue. The Council of Nicea The first council of Nicea (Nicaea) was the first ecumenical council of the Christian church, and it lasted between May and August, 325 CE. It was held in Nicea, Bithynia (in Anatolia, modern Turkey), and a total of 318 bishops attended, according to the records of the bishop at Nicea, Athanasius (bishop from 328–273). The number 318 is a symbolic number for the Abrahamic religions: basically, there would be one participant at Nicea to represent each of the members of the Biblical Abrahams household. The Nicean council had three goals: to resolve the Melitian controversy- which was over the readmission to the Church of lapsed Christians,to establish how to calculate the date of Easter each year, andto settle matters stirred up by Arius, the presbyter at Alexandria. Athanasius (296–373 CE) was an important fourth-century Christian theologian and one of the eight great Doctors of the Church. He was also the major, albeit polemical and biased, contemporary source we have on the beliefs of Arius and his followers. Athanasius interpretation was followed by the later Church historians Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret. Church Councils When Christianity took hold in the Roman Empire, the doctrine had yet to be fixed. A council is an assembly of theologians and church dignitaries called together to discuss the doctrine of the church. There have been 21 councils of what became the Catholic Church- 17 of them occurred before 1453). The problems of interpretation (part of the doctrinal issues), emerged when theologians tried to rationally explain the simultaneously divine and human aspects of Christ. This was especially difficult to do without resorting to pagan concepts, in particular having more than one divine being. Once the councils had determined such aspects of doctrine and heresy, as they did in the early councils, they moved on to church hierarchy and behavior. The Arians were not opponents of the orthodox position because orthodoxy had yet to be defined. Opposing Images of God At heart, the controversy in front of the church was how to fit Christ into the religion as a divine figure without disrupting the notion of monotheism. In the 4th century, there were several possible ideas that would account for that. The Sabellians (after the Libyan Sabellius) taught that there was a single entity, the prosÃ… pon, made up of God the Father and Christ the Son.The Trinitarian Church fathers, Bishop Alexander of Alexandria and his deacon, Athanasius, believed there were three persons in one god (Father, Son, Holy Spirit).The Monarchianists believed in only one indivisible being. These included Arius, who was presbyter in Alexandria under the Trinitarian bishop, and Eusebius, Bishop of Nicomedia (the man who coined the term oecumenical council and who had estimated participation at a substantially lower and more realistic attendance of 250 bishops). When Alexander accused Arius of denying the second and third person of the Godhead, Arius accused Alexander of Sabellian tendencies. Homo Ousion vs. Homoi Ousion The sticking point at the Nicene Council was a concept found nowhere in the Bible: homoousion. According to the concept of homo ousion, Christ the Son was consubstantial- the word is the Roman translation from the Greek, and it means that there was no difference between the Father and the Son. Arius and Eusebius disagreed. Arius thought the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit were materially separate from each other, and that the Father created the Son as a separate entity: the argument hinged on the birth of Christ to a human mother. Here is a passage from a letter Arian wrote to Eusebius: (4.) We are not able to listen to these kinds of impieties, even if the heretics threaten us with ten thousand deaths. But what do we say and think and what have we previously taught and do we presently teach? - that the Son is not unbegotten, nor a part of an unbegotten entity in any way, nor from anything in existence, but that he is subsisting in will and intention before time and before the ages, full God, the only-begotten, unchangeable. (5.) Before he was begotten, or created, or defined, or established, he did not exist. For he was not unbegotten. But we are persecuted because we have said the Son has a beginning but God has no beginning. We are persecuted because of that and for saying he came from non-being. But we said this since he is not a portion of God nor of anything in existence. That is why we are persecuted; you know the rest. Arius and his followers, the Arians, believed if the Son were equal to the Father, there would be more than one God: but Christianity had to be a monotheistic religion, and Athanasius believed that by insisting Christ was a separate entity, Arius was taking the church into mythology or worse, polytheism. Further, opposing Trinitarians believed that making Christ a subordinate to God diminished the importance of the Son. Wavering Decision of Constantine At the Nicean council, the Trinitarian bishops prevailed, and the Trinity was established as the core of the Christian church. Emperor Constantine (280–337 CE), who may or may not have been a Christian at the time- Constantine was baptized shortly before he died, but had made Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire by the time of the Nicean council- intervened. The decision of the Trinitarians made Ariuss questions heresy akin to revolt, so Constantine exiled the excommunicated Arius to Illyria (modern Albania). Constantines friend and Arian-sympathizer Eusebius, and a neighboring bishop, Theognis, were also exiled- to Gaul (modern France). In 328, however, Constantine reversed his opinion about the Arian heresy and had both exiled bishops reinstated. At the same time, Arius was recalled from exile. Eusebius eventually withdrew his objection, but still wouldnt sign the statement of faith. Constantines sister and Eusebius worked on the emperor to obtain reinstatement for Arius, and they would have succeeded, if Arius hadnt suddenly died- by poisoning, probably, or, as some prefer to believe, by divine intervention. After Nicea Arianism regained momentum and evolved (becoming popular with some of the tribes that were invading the Roman Empire, like the Visigoths) and survived in some form until the reigns of Gratian and Theodosius, at which time, St. Ambrose (c. 340–397) set to work stamping it out. But the debate by no means was over in the 4th century. Debate continued into the fifth century and beyond, with: ... confrontation between the Alexandrian school, with its allegorical interpretation of scripture and its emphasis on the one nature of the divine Logos made flesh, and the Antiochene school, which favoured a more literal reading of scripture and stressed the two natures in Christ after the union. (Pauline Allen, 2000) Anniversary of the Nicene Creed August 25, 2012, marked the 1687th anniversary of the creation of the upshot of the Council of Nicea, an initially controversial document cataloging the basic beliefs of Christians the Nicene Creed. Sources Allen, Pauline. The definition and enforcement of orthodoxy. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600. Eds. Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins, and Michael Whitby. Cambridge University Press, 2000.Barnes, T. D. Constantine and the Christians of Persia. The Journal of Roman Studies 75 (1985): 126–36. Print.. Constantines Prohibition of Pagan Sacrifice. The American Journal of Philology 105.1 (1984): 69–72. Print.Curran, John. Constantine and the Ancient Cults of Rome: The Legal Evidence. Greece and Rome 43.1 (1996): 68–80. Print.Edwards, Mark. The First Council of Nicaea. The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 1: Origins to Constantine. Eds. Young, Frances M. and Margaret M. Mitchell. Vol. 1. Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 552–67. Print.Grant, Robert M. Religion and Politics at the Council at Nicaea. The Journal of Religion 55.1 (1975): 1–12. Print.Gwynn, David M. The Eusebians : The Polemic of Athanasius of Alexandria and the Construction of the Arian Controversy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. . Religious Diversity in Late Antiquity. Archaeology and the ‘Arian Controversy’ in the Fourth Century. Brill, 2010. 229. Print.Hanson, R.P.C. The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy, 318–381. London: TT Clark.Jà ¶rg, Ulrich. Nicaea and the West. Vigiliae Christianae 51.1 (1997): 10–24. Print.

Structural steel design Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Structural steel design - Literature review Example When restoration was completed, the new skeleton had to be hoisted on to supports. These were composed of steel compression struts that are hollow, with a capacity of 50 tons. They were coupled to node points found at the end of each of the cradle frames where they stuck out through the hull. The external support’s lower ends were linked to plates cast into the dry dock’s steps. Since the steps had started crumbling, they had to be dug out and reinforced with grouted steel piles before connecting supports and lifting the ship. A series of arms offered lateral wind load restraint. The arms were bolted to strengthened concrete tension piles at the top of the dry dock (Douglas 2012, pg. 69). The connection nodes are also required as secondary support to the glass canopy. The members’ structural steel grades are of  S355 J2 to BS EN 10025.   Lifting the ship was done at intermediate phases using 24 200Te SWL cylinder jacks, each under every node point. The whole process took 2 days and was aided by the installation of a series of 96 strain sensors to check loads in the metal frame of the ship and the supporting tie rods and props that held up the ship (Beedle, Ali & Armstrong 2007, pg. 32). Consultants AV Technology (AVT) installed the sensors. Deteriorated timber was replaced with equivalent wood; the objective was to replace like with like where possible. The tween was restored using new Douglas fir and hemp was used to caulk it traditionally. Hemp was used because it was easier to install and maintain since it was forced into position to create a tight deck. Composite construction used on the main deck, with a new teak upper layer and plywood lower layers (Crevello & Noyce 2008, pg. 52). The upper teak planks as well as the first lower rock elm planks were restored and reinstalled on the ship. The original plan was rock elm below the water line and teak above the water line. This is because elm

The Key Features of Islamic Banking Business in Dubai Research Paper

The Key Features of Islamic Banking Business in Dubai - Research Paper Example Among the two distinct trends of revivalism, modernism emphasized on the religious aspects substantiated by the Shari’a and debated the premise that interest can amount to Riba only if it is perceived as unfair, while neo-revivalism staunchly upheld its notion that interest in any form tantamount to Riba and hence should be abolished. During 1970s neo-revivalists, augmented by â€Å"the oil-wealth of the conservative Gulf countries† (Saeed, 1996, P. 15), were successful in establishing their interpretation that interest is equivalent to Riba. Consequently, Islamic banks were established across the globe with the primary aim of abolishing interest from the banking as well as financial systems. The Dubai chapter of Islamic banking has vital significance to the Islamic financial system. Though neo-revivalism had given rise to semi-Islamic banks in Egypt and Malaysia back in the 1960s, Dubai came up with the first Islamic bank per se in the form of the Dubai Islamic Bank (DIB), whose operations started simultaneously with that of the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) in 1975 (Shoult, 2006, P. 213). The banking sector as observed in Dubai is a prominent subset of that of the UAE and reflects most of the trends shown by the latter. UAE’s banking sector has benefitted immensely from the stupendous economic development and the factors that have contributed to its prosperity are low rates of interest coupled with high price bands of its most precious natural resource – oil. An important feature of UAE’s banking sector is that the government holds huge stakes in it which signifies its enhanced control over the oil based macroeconomy of the Gulf nations (Global Investment House, 2007, P. 7).