The Policies Of The United States During The Period

The policies of the United States during the period 1898-1936 regarding latin america can be broadly covered in phases; the first phase: Big Stick Diplomacy 1898- 1909, the second phase known as Dollar Diplomacy from 1909- 1913, the third phase called missionary diplomacy from 1913- 1921 and finally the fourth phase known and the good neighbor policy 1933- 1936. These four policies had a great impact on not only the landscape of latin america but on the future of the United States in the region. Starting in 1898 we see a shift from the US being solely isolationist to a desire for the United States to become a more imperial power. this can most famously be seen in the annexation of Cuba and the Philippines during the spanish-american war , spurred by the success of their victory is against the Spanish the United States desired the further extend its power and strength in the Latin American region. With the election of Theodore Roosevelt in 1901 A foreign policy known as Big Stick diplomacy was implemented, in layman s terms this effectively means that the United States would use his show of force to ensure that is strategic for and objectives were accomplished in Latin America. the United States had a history starting with the Monroe Doctrine of a certain influence in Latin America; Roosevelt added a portion appropriately titled the Roosevelt Corollary in 1904. The Roosevelt Corollary represented a shift in the United States’ foreign policy, from now on the United Sta tesShow MoreRelatedWorld War II : The Great People s War1529 Words   |  7 PagesGreat People’s War) was of deep importance to the formation of today’s international relations system, however the following periods after this war between the greatest powers in the world are also of great significance. The analysis of those periods and their impact on world history will be the first approach of this assessment. It is important to clarify that these periods cannot be annualized as isolated events that happened in History, but related events that in a way or another influenced eachRead MoreEssay on United States Government and Federalism1473 Words   |  6 Pagestwo centuries the United States has grappled with the idea of federalism. While former President James Madison had a very concrete understanding of that form of governance, â€Å"In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments† (Madison, 1788, p. 67), the United States has never had a conclusive division of power between the state and the US FederalRead MoreMexican Immigration And The United States1563 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Bracero Program. This program was started during the 1920s and again in the 1940s, but was later stopped in the 1960s. Between and after, these time periods, Mexican immigration into the United States was almost non-existent. After an increase in the 1920s, there was a tremendous decrease in the 1930s only to increase again in the 1940s. Then in the 1950s there was a huge decrease in the rate of Mexican immigrants entering the United States. Mexican immigration began to have an increased numberRead MoreAp Exam Essays1660 Words   |  7 PagesEngland colonies from 1630 through the 1660s? 2. Analyze the political, diplomatic, and military reasons for the United States victory in the Revolutionary War. Confine your answer to the period 1775–1783. 3. Analyze the ways in which controversy over the extension of slavery into western territories contributed to the coming of the Civil War. Confine your answer to the period 1845–1861. 4. Analyze the roles that women played in Progressive Era reforms from the 1880s through 1920. Focus yourRead MoreEssay on US foreign Policy 1865-1914, expansionist or isolationist881 Words   |  4 Pages Was the foreign policy of the United States primarily isolationist or expansionist through 1865-1914? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; At the turn of the century, and after gaining our independence, the United States land mass more than doubled through the use of purchasing, annexing, and war. However, the foreign policy of our government took a predominately isolationist stand. This was a national policy of abstaining from political or economic relations with other countries. General WashingtonRead MoreUs Foreign Policy 1865-1914, Expansionist or Isolationist Essay894 Words   |  4 PagesWas the foreign policy of the United States primarily isolationist or expansionist through 1865-1914? At the turn of the century, and after gaining our independence, the United States land mass more than doubled through the use of purchasing, annexing, and war. However, the foreign policy of our government took a predominately isolationist stand. This was a national policy of abstaining from political or economic relations with other countries. General Washington shaped these values by upholdingRead MoreThe United States Trade Policy1741 Words   |  7 PagesSince the early 1930s, tariff reduction has been the prevalent theme of United States trade policy. In the future, economic historians will put an emphasis on the way the liberalization of trade over the past forty to sixty years has molded this particular trade policy. Since 1930, tariffs have been gradually reduced to roughly twenty percent of the regular level they were back then. This is a direct result of a sequence of eight multilateral negotiations and around thirty bilateral agreements. HoweverRead MoreAn Explanatio n Of The Bushs Foreign Trade Policy1399 Words   |  6 PagesBushs foreign trade policy is broadly described as a fair trade policy based on the multi-track system. Multi-track system refers to the policy of unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral parallelism in conducting foreign trade. Unilateralism means that once the United States believes that the trade practices of other countries threaten or even infringe on the economic interests of the United States or related industries, it can unilaterally resort to the domestic trade laws andRead MoreA Loose Monetary Policy Impact On The Housing Market923 Words   |  4 PagesResearch has shown that a very loose monetary policy impacted the developments in the housing market in the early to mid 2000’s by creating the housing bubble which eventually burst, causing housing process to plummet after peaking in 2006. A steep decline followed, with the market bottoming out and housing prices collapsing, creating a significant recession and impacting the global economy. Economist Robert Gordon (2009) stated that is was the principle of the Fed maintaining short term interestRead MoreComparative Critique of Kennans American Diplomacy and Williams the Tragedy of American Diplomacy1279 Words   |  6 Pageshistory during t he period of 1900-1950. Kennans book, American Diplomacy, offers a sharp critique with its focus on American mistakes, specifically examining the absence of direction in American foreign policy and with the end result of American strength and insecurity at the start of the Cold War. Williams, in his book The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, pursues a different but still critical perspective by asserting that American policy was largely motivated by the Open Door policy, which

The Bug in Black Hole - 1691 Words

The teens who occupy Charles Burnss graphic novel Black Hole are ill with what seem to be a sexually-transmitted disease that the teens identify as the bug, an increasing number of teens become infected and reside with a group of teenagers that live in separate from their families and individuals uninfected remain students at their high school in uptown Seattle. The ill teens dwell in a tent village concealed in the outskirts of their community, in the forest and they manage to survive largely on the trash and infrequent aid of the well teens. The sickness marks each teen in varying degrees; many seem grotesque while others physical manifestations are subtle, as a result the ill are alienated and rejected by the community because of†¦show more content†¦Teens typically, feel rejected by their peers and intern isolates himself or herself from the rest of the world in order to cope and deal with stigmatism. Since Chris’s mother was going to take her to the doctor and Chris knew she had the bug she didn’t want her mother to know so she runaway. This communicates to the reader the incidence of runaway teens and the fear of talking to their parents about issues they are going through. The bug The characters infected with the â€Å"bug† felt rejected their former peers because of their unconscious transition from adolescence to young adulthood: â€Å"‘I don’t know what it was†¦but suddenly we were the target of every asshole joke in town. They’d drive around searching for us at night, ganging up on us when we were out trying to find food. They did everything they could to make our lives as miserable as possible’† (no. 9). â€Å"‘Sometimes we made jokes about it†¦but it was no joke - we were scared shitless’† (no. 5). The â€Å"bug†, instead of inflicting typical disease related attribute, like pain or death, the illness causes unstable levels of freakish malformations. Unlike AIDS, however, the teen plague in Black Hole results in physical mutations, though these are not always easily observable by other people; For example, Eliza develops a miniature tail, Rob a mouth on his chest, and other characters bud grotesque mutations on the face and body. They are likeShow MoreRelatedBlack Holes Paper : Black Hole Paper1378 Words   |  6 PagesBlack Hole Paper Many philosophers have said that the ‘Eyes are the windows to the soul.’ The eyes can show a person’s true personality. Not their clothes, facial expressions, or how they hold themselves, but looking into another’s eyes will show one’s soul. But what if their personality was not found in their eyes, but on their body in the form of a mutation? As found in Black Hole, the town’s teens have contracted an STD they call â€Å"the bug.† Each teen that acquires it grows an external mutationRead MoreThe Eyes Are The Windows Of The Soul1360 Words   |  6 Pagestheir clothes, facial expressions, or how they hold themselves, but looking into another’s eyes will show one’s soul. But what if their personality was not found in their eyes, but in the form of a mutation? As found in Black Hole, the town’s teens have contracted an STD they call â€Å"the bug.† Each teen that acquires it grows an external mutation. This is especially found in some of the main characters: Keith, Rob, and Chris. Keith grows appendages that look like tadpoles on his chest. Rob has another mouthRead MoreExternal Mutations Of Keith, Rob, And Chris1375 Words   |  6 Pagesfacial expressions, or how they hold themselves, but looking into another’s eyes will show one’s soul. But what if their personality was not found in their eyes, but on their body in the form of a mutation? As found in Black Hole, the town’s teens have contracted an STD they call â€Å"the bug.† Each teen that acquires it grows an external mutation. This can especially be seen with some of the main characters: Keith, Rob, and Chris. Keith grows appendages that look like tadpoles on his chest. Rob has anotherRead MoreHow Gardening Affects The World Of Science1429 Words   |  6 Pageswhy things happen, and help them to build awareness towards the environment in which they live in. There are three different gardening experience s in this report, which were observed and documented weekly. The three plants in this report include; a black bean, which was planted from seeds, a celery offcut and radish, which was planted from seeds. Each had different stages of development, which were investigated, assisting the student to build on their inquiry skills. Two separate tables were used duringRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Killing Bugs1050 Words   |  5 PagesArgumentative Essay The morality of killing bugs has been a big discussion for many years. But for Arvind, the answer is quite obvious. One day when he was brushing his teeth he saw something black in the sink. When he realized it was a bug he quickly plugged the sink, cut off the water, grabbed a piece of toilet paper, and fished the bug out of the sink. At first, he thought the bug had died, but then he saw it start to move. He had saved the bug’s life! â€Å"I was filled with relief and joy and myRead More Stephen Hawking Essay1350 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch--believing that he was dying, he though he may not even finish his Ph.D. It was around this time that he met his future wife, Jane Wilde. Hawkings graduate thesis discussed what happens when a star burns off its fuel and collapses into a black hole. In 1965 he applied for and received a research fellowship at Caisus College, Cambridge and married Jane Wilde. They have 3 children: Robert, Lucy, and Timothy . Meeting Jane lifted Hawking out of his terminal-illness depression, and he startedRead MoreEssay On Love Science1173 Words   |  5 Pagesthem so he could bring in a sample. Someone was doing something on bugs, and the other projects i don t remember. But i was the only one without a subject. The teacher looked over at me, she said: â€Å"Jack, what s the subject of your presentation gonna be on?† I still had no idea what to do my project on. I started thinking of things that sounded science related. I got to something, and without thinking i blurted out: â€Å"Black holes, because i couldn t think of anything else.† The teacher lookedRead MoreEssay on Ethical Computer Hacking972 Words   |  4 Pagesno morals, or ethical value behind what they do, but to compromise, and cause havoc upon the end user computing world. Hackers fall into two categories: Black Hat and White Hat Hackers. While Black Hat hackers illegally crack into systems for malicious reasons, their White Hat counterparts probe and test for security flaws and IT research (Black Hat/White Hat). The term hacker can be explained as a person who enjoys learning the details of a computer system and how to stretch their capabilitiesRead MoreQualities of an Excellent Friend in Adventure Time Essay833 Words   |  4 Pagesinvolves a submarine. Jake brings Finn under water to see how beautiful the water really is. When Jake is going to bring them down a black hole, Finn shoves Jake away from the steering wheel and punches him several times and crashes the submarine making is leak water. Jake give them both water suits and Jake makes in inf late knocking Jake out, he sinks to the bottom a black hole. Once Finn reaches the surface, he knocks himself out to sink the bottom to save Jake (Cruws Ward, 2010). In that process, FinnRead MoreThe Death Of The Boy1252 Words   |  6 Pagesritual a large hole opened beneath him and a demon manifested itself in the middle of this hole. This demon then said, â€Å"Vocavi filium ab aeterno dominus tibi somnos, et propterea et ego potestatem daemonium ad dandum super vos Loki† Thousands of small bug-like creatures flew out from the hole and forced their way in through the boy’s nose, eyes, ears and mouth. Blood then violently spurted from these areas and the boy started twitching - then his eyes turned an unadulterated black. The boy woke

The Declaration of Independence - 1186 Words

Political, Social and financial significance of the Declaration of Independence Often a single document defines and commemorates an event or a moment in time that is of importance. The Declaration of Independence is the principal document that defines and commemorates the birth of the United States and the independence of our nation. The Declaration of Independence defines the right of the people to defy the established order, to change their government, and to throw off an oppressor. [1] The Declaration of Independence expresses Americas foundation and independence and the basic freedoms that this nation strives to embody, such as life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. The important thing about the Declaration of Independence is†¦show more content†¦Yet the general economic picture was far from rosy. War had spawned demoralizing extravagance, speculation and profiteering, with profits for some as indecently high as 300 percent. Runaway inflation had been ruinous to many citizens, and Congress had failed in its feeble attempts to curb economic laws. T he average citizen was probably worse off financially at the end of the shooting than the start. The whole economic and social atmosphere was unhealthy. A newly rich class of profiteers was noisily conspicuous, whereas many once-wealthy people were left destitute. The controversy leading to the Revolutionary war had bred a keen distaste for taxes and encouraged disrespect for the majesty of the law generally. John Adams has been shocked when gleefully told by a horse-jockey neighbor that the courts of justice were all closed, a plight that proved to be only temporary. Although each state was well prepared and eager to govern itself when Independence was declared, a state could not do some things on its own. It could not raise and maintain a large army. Americans realized that 13 small and separated forces would be no match for the big British army. Americans realized that if they wanted to win the war with Great Britain, they needed a single and strong army unde r a central control. For this and other reasons, the Second continental Congress made plans for aShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of Independence And The Declaration Of Independence1833 Words   |  8 Pagessocieties all over the world, the government has always been viewed as the powerhouse and reliable source for a country’s decision-making process. Another similar source of official government documentation exists in the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was written by the third president of the United States, Thomas Jefferson. During that time period that Jefferson seemed to be the most significant towards the political spectrum, America was just about to enter a birthRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence1501 Words   |  7 PagesThe Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important document in U.S history that helped led to this country s independence from Great Britain. The Declaration of Independence helped us earn our freedom to become an independent nation with our own rules. However, without Thomas Jefferson and the rest of their concerns and reasons for separating this wouldn t have been possible. The writing alone wouldn’t have made this document memorable.The use of rhetoricalRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence877 Words   |  4 PagesThe Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is without a doubt one of the most important documents ever to be written in American history so far. It was signed by fifty-six different men, all who were representatives from different states. The person who wrote the Declaration of Independence is someone who we all know and grew up learning about, the famous Thomas Jefferson. The purpose of it was to declare the 13 colonies in America free and independent from Great Britain, getRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence969 Words   |  4 PagesThe US Constitution, The Declaration of Independence as well as the Letter to the Danbury Baptist are not just historical documents, but some of if not the most important documents of the history of our nation. Although, similar in many facets the intentions and the goal pursued by each highlight their individuality. The fact that the Declaration of Independence was the first to be implemented and signed is of significant importance as it set the pace and put in motion the proceeding documents thatRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence1972 Words   |  8 PagesThe Declaration of Independence brought America its independence, and it self, as well as our constitution. The declaration of independence had many positive effects on America. The Declaration of Independence is the usual name of a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. This stated that the thirteen American colonies, called themselves the thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and that they were no longer a part of the British Empire. Instead of staying in the BritishRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence3280 Words   |  14 PagesWho were the writers of the Declaration of Independence? Who are our founding fathers and where did they receive these great ideas? I will examine the main writer of the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson and look at the sources he used to begin our count ry. If Thomas Jefferson was a student at the United States Sergeant Major Academy, and he submitted his Declaration of Independence to turn it in would he pass? Were our founding fathers even great thinkers or were they just takingRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence1330 Words   |  6 Pagesparagraph of the most significant of all American historical documents, the Declaration of Independence. The very theory of natural rights dramatically influenced the conception of this starting paragraph. Natural rights is a political theory that strongly asserts that each individual who enters into any society possesses certain rights that no government can deny. The Declaration of Independence is a full and formal declaration adopted on July 4, 1776 by the representatives of the thirteen coloniesRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Its Independence1765 Words   |  8 PagesThe Declaration of Independence remains a sacred but a poorly understood document to numerous people. To understand the most significant issue found in the document itself, we must first observe the historical context behind the text itself. Commonly, the text itself represents a range of America’s efforts to create a new and independent society but what made Americans so prone to declare itself its independence? As the document reveals a list of issues that ultimately led civilians to free themselvesRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence1200 Words   |  5 Pages The Declaration of Independence is one of the most remarkable documents of the United States of America. The elaborate document contains almost fourteen-hundred words including a basic structure divided into two parts and within the two divided parts contains four main ideas within seven components. The declaration is not just any standard written document; it is a work of art painted by colonists who are driven by rage because of King George III of Great Britain injustices’ toward the coloniesRead MoreSimilarities Between The Declaration Of Independence And The Declaration Of Independence948 Words   |  4 Pageswithstood the test of time and have become statement pieces for our society. In this group, the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson and Common Sense by Thomas Paine both hold high positions. Thomas Paine wrote â€Å"The Crisis†, which was a chapter in his pamphlet Common Sense, which advocated that the thirteen original colonies gain independence from Great Britain. The Declaration of Independence was a government document written in 1776 that proclaims America a state of democracy not connected

College Drinking A Major Problem That Affects The Lives Of...

Josh Roy Essay 3 Final College drinking a major problem that affects the lives of many College drinking is a major problem and it affects the lives of students their families and the community. As the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism website notes: â€Å"About four out of five college students drink alcohol. . .† (â€Å"College Drinking†). The Affects of alcohol have impacted the lives of many people. I believe drinking is a problem, and believe that it is a problem that it is often overlooked by Parents, colleges, and students. Parents, colleges, and students need to learn about college drinking, the factors that make it a problem, and how to prevent students from drinking while attending college or limit†¦show more content†¦. .† (â€Å"College Drinking†). My good friend John was one of those students that felt he had to drink to fit in. He was pressured into drinking when he started college. John never drank alcohol till his first year in college. He was against drinking he did not feel he needed alcohol to fit i n and could have fun without it. The people john hung with drank a lot and hosted a lot of parties. Overtime John said he felt the students looked down on him for not wanting to drink at the parties so he started to drink. The students told him everybody drinks and that it would not hurt him if he had a few drinks once in a while but they were wrong. Next addiction and binge drinking; both are problems related to college drinking. As the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism website notes: Research shows that more than 80 percent of college students drink alcohol, and almost half report binge drinking in the past 2 weeks. . . .† (â€Å"College Drinking†). Over time john started to drink on a weekly basis and eventually became addicted to alcohol and started drinking almost every day. It was so easy for him to get alcohol there was always a party going on that had alcohol. John started to miss class and his grades started to drop. All john wanted to do was drink and after the first semester of his sophomore year he

Sex Roles A Journal of Research Essay Example For Students

Sex Roles: A Journal of Research Essay Advertisings effects on mens gender role attitudes. Jennifer Garst; Galen V. Bodenhausen. Authors Abstract: COPYRIGHT 1997 Plenum Publishing Corporation We posited that media images of men influence the gender role attitudes that men express soon after exposure to the images. A total of 212 men (87% European American, 7% Asian or Asian American, 3% African American, and 3% other) viewed magazine advertisements containing images of men that varied in terms of how traditionally masculine vs. gynous they were and whether the models were the same age or much older than the viewers. Men who had initially been less traditional espoused more traditional attitudes than any other group after exposure to traditionally masculine models, although they continued to endorse relatively nontraditional views after exposure to androgynous models. These findings suggest that nontraditional mens gender role attitudes may be rather unstable and susceptible to momentary influences such as those found in advertising. Full Text: COPYRIGHT 1997 Plenum Publishing Corporation In the average American household, the television is turned \on\ for almost seven hours each day, and the typical adult or child watches two to three hours of television per day. It is estimated that the average child sees 360,000 advertisements by the age of eighteen (Harris, 1989). Due to this extensive exposure to mass media depictions, the medias influence on gender role attitudes has become an area of considerable interest and concern in the past quarter century. Analyses of gender portrayals have found predominantly stereotypic portrayals of dominant males and nurturant females within the contexts of advertisements (print and television), magazine fiction, newspapers, child-oriented print media, textbooks, literature, film, and popular music (Busby, 1975; Durkin, 1985a; Leppard, Ogletree, Wallen, 1993; Lovdal, 1989; Pearson, Turner, Todd-Mancillas, 1991; Rudman Verdi, 1993; Signorielli Lears, 1992). Most of the research to date on the effects of gender-role images in the media has focused primarily on the female gender role. A review of research on men in the media suggests that, except for film literature, the topic of masculinity has not been addressed adequately (Fejes, 1989). Indeed, as J. Katz (1995) recently noted, \there is a glaring absence of a thorough body of research into the power of cultural images of masculinity\ (p. 133). Katz suggests that studying the impact of advertising represents a useful place to begin addressing this lacuna. Of the few existing studies, a longitudinal content analysis of nine magazines in 1959, 1969, and 1979, found that advertisements featuring men are slowly moving toward decreased gender role stereotyping. However, in traditionally male magazines such as Esquire and Field Stream, the proportion of advertisements depicting men in \manly\ activities did not decrease as much as it did in traditionally female and general interest magazines (Skelly Luridstrom, 1981; see also England Gardner, 1983). In fact, Jacobson and Mazur (1995) posit that current advertising promotes a \masculine ideal\ that encourages men to \exude an aura of physical strength, power, dominance, and detachment\ and to \repress, and loath, their feminine traits (such as vulnerability and compassion)\ (p. Thus, although there may be some trends toward less stereotypic images of masculinity in advertising in some print genres, the traditional, agentic man is still a ubiquitous positive cultural representation. GENDER-ROLE ATTITUDES AS TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTIONS Although media researchers have typically been interested in relatively enduring attitudinal consequences of media exposure, recent research suggests it may be mo re fruitful to focus on the short-term impact of viewing media depictions. Wilson and Hodges (1992; see also Schwarz Bless, 1992a) proposed that individuals attitudes can vary, depending on the current context and the information that is salient in it. For instance, research has shown that incidental exposure to a well-liked African American celebrity, such as Oprah Winfrey or Michael Jordan, can influence subsequently reported racial attitudes (Bodenhausen, Schwarz, Bless, Wanke, 1995). Likewise, Schwarz and Bless (1992b) have found that activating thoughts about politicians who had been involved in a scandal influenced respondents subsequent evaluations of politicians trustworthiness in general, as well as the trustworthiness of specific politicians. It is thus quite plausible that mediated exemplars can have at least a transitory impact on social beliefs and attitudes. For many relatively complex attitudinal topics, including gender role attitudes, people are likely to possess a mixture of relevant knowledge and beliefs, not all of which are mutually compatible (Wilson Hodges, 1992; Smith, 1992). The attitude that one holds at any given time will depend in part on which subset of information is most salient at the moment. Although these context-induced attitudinal shifts may not always be of great magnitude, they indicate that attitudes are relatively dynamic entities. Rather than simply residing in some fixed form in memory, they appear to be constructed \on the fly,\ at least in part, on the basis of currently salient considerations. Shifts in attitudes would be expected to be particularly noticeable when greater ambiguity or ambivalence characterizes the issue in question. In contemporary society, messages about appropriate standards for male behavior are mixed at best. Some socializing influences emphasize the importance of traditionally masculine, agentic qualities, while others emphasize the desirability of developing the communal side of the male psyche. It is thus quite plausible that for many men, attitudes about appropriate male behavior are based on somewhat conflicting ideas and prescriptions. For this reason, these attitudes may be susceptible to momentary influences that emphasize either more traditional or less traditional images of masculinity. Schwarz and Bless (1992a) offer an \inclusion/exclusion model\ to study the context dependency of attitudinal judgments. Applied in the current context, the model implies that when viewers see media images of men, their subsequent judgments about the male role may be assimilated toward that particular media image if the viewers incorporate the image into their current understanding, or representation, of the male role. However, if the viewers exclude a certain male media image from their gender-role representations, the viewers judgments will either not be affected by the media image at all, or they will use the media image as a standard of comparison against which other attitudinally relevant information will be contrasted. Thus, for example, the behavior of a male exemplar who is seen as too feminine might be excluded from the mental representation a viewer forms of the male role. Moreover, judgments of role-appropriate behavior may actually become more traditionally masculine, if this atypical exemplar is used as a standard of comparison. Whether individuals include or exclude a particular exemplar from their representations of the male role will depend on a number of factors, including the width or breadth of the individuals representations. As the width of viewers representations of the male role increases, it becomes more likely that they will assimilate available male media models into their representations of the male role. Lastly, it is important to note that media depictions will only influence viewers subsequent judgments if the depictions are sufficiently different from the viewers previously held representations. If the media representations are largely consistent with the viewers prior understanding of the male role, then the images should produce no impetus for viewers to change their representations (or judgments based on them). FACTORS MODERATING THE IMPACT OF MEDIA EXEMPLARS Although it appears that media images can influence viewers attitudes (e. g. Gels, Brown, Jennings (Walstedt), Porter, 1984), it is also clear that not all viewers are uniformly affected. Durkin (1985b), in an extensive review of television and gender-role acquisition, has criticized previous research for failing to take into account how much variability there is in how viewers respond to messages or images in the mass media. According to Durkin, most research on the impact of gender roles only looks at the overall impact of the medium but does not investigate the individual difference variables that may moderate this impact. Lending support to Durkins view is a study of racial attitudes showing that viewers preexisting attitudes moderated their reactions to a television program. In an investigation of reactions to the character of Archie Bunker in \All in the Family,\ it was found that high-prejudice as compared with low-prejudice white viewers tended to identify more with the character of Archie Bunker, saw him as winning rather than as ridiculed, and saw nothing wrong with his use of racial and ethnic slurs (Vidmar Rokeach, 1974). Prior Male Gender Role Attitude We predict that the impact of male media models will be moderated by the male gender role attitudes of the viewers. For instance, it has been found that boys and girls with feminine preferences tend to identify more with a male counter-stereotypical portrayal than do masculine children (Eisenstock, 1984). Although less traditional men hold less traditional attitudes, they are also part of a culture that responds positively to men displaying masculine gender role behaviors and negatively to men displaying feminine gender role behaviors. In fact, Kanner, (1990, May 21) suggests that men are not willing to give up their traditionally masculine style to become \domesticated wimps\ (p. 20). To support her argument, she cited Barbara Durham, associate director of consumer resources for a large advertising firm, as saying \roles are changing, but we found its important not to rob men of their masculinity\ (p. 20). One possible implication of this state of affairs is that compared to men with traditional attitudes toward the male gender role, less traditional men may have rather wide representations of the male role, incorporating both traditional and nontraditional elements. As such, less traditional mens gender role attitudes may be relatively less stable and more susceptible to momentary influences such as those found in advertising, because of the greater complexity and breadth of their attitudes. Traditional men, on the other hand, may have relatively more narrow and sharply defined images of the male role, and they may therefore exclude from their mental representations any exemplars who do not fit this narrow conception. If so, it should be the case that the attitudes of more traditional men are less affected by momentary influences, because they are only likely to incorporate into their models of masculinity those exemplars who are already fairly consistent with their more narrow world view. Moreover, research suggests that traditional or conservative thought is associated with more authoritarian personality characteristics (Dillehay, 1978; Duncan, Peterson, Winter, 1997) and that, in turn, authoritarian individuals respond defensively to counter-attitudinal information. Research by D. Katz (1960) indicates that ego defensiveness is a major obstacle to attitude change, and indeed, Wagman (1955) found that counter-attitudinal information had a boomerang effect of making authoritarian people even more prejudiced. Likewise, the gender schema literature suggests that highly gender-typed individuals may respond negatively to deviations from the normative standard (Ruble and Stangor, 1986). Signorella and Liben (1984) found that highly stereotyped children recalled more traditional than nontraditional pictures and more often reconstructed nontraditional pictures as traditional rather than the reverse. Thus, for a variety of reasons it is likely that more traditional men, as compared to less traditional men, have narrower and less complex male gender role attitudes and will, therefore, be less susceptible to discrepant male media images. Alternatively, it may be the case that less traditional men have a greater resistance to momentary influences on their gender-related attitudes. Perhaps the very fact that they espouse relatively nontraditional views demonstrates that they have developed defenses against the ubiquitous but more limiting traditional prescriptions for male behavior. The current study was designed to investigate the question of whether the traditionalism of viewers pre-exposure attitudes is related to the likelihood that their attitudinal reports will be influenced by exposure to an advertising image. Attractiveness of Media Models The influence of a media model may also depend on whether the exemplar captures the viewers attention. According to Banduras (1986) cognitive social learning theory, the influence of an observed model is related to the \sway of attention\ (p. This notion suggests that observers will tend to seek out and imitate models who are interesting and otherwise rewarding, whereas they ignore or reject models who have unattractive qualities. If androgynous individuals, who display both masculine and feminine behaviors, are perceived as more attractive than individuals high in only one category (Spence, Deaux, Helmreich, 1985), it might be expected on the basis of social learning theory that viewers will be most likely to imitate these media models. However, Schwarz and Bless (1992a) argue that assimilation is dependent merely on an exemplar being categorized on a dimension relevant to the judgment being made. Thus, it could be that liking for a media model is largely irrelevant to whether men include the models in their mental representations of the male gender role. The present research investigates the issue of whether liking for a media model provides a basis for assimilating that model into ones representations. Similarity of Media Models Similarities between the viewers and the media models are also expected to enhance the impact of media images. The attitude change and attraction literature suggests that observers tend to be attracted to models who are most similar to themselves (e. g. , Berscheid, 1985; McGuire, 1985). Similarity is thought to increase persuasion through its impact on source credibility and attractiveness. Hasss (1981) review of the impact of source factors in persuasive messages suggests that speaker-audience similarities result in greater persuasion because they increase the attractiveness of the message source. Likewise, Tan (1985) suggests that when many diverse characteristics are shared, receivers perceive the source to be \one of us\ or \our kind of people\ and thus infer that they share common needs and goals with the message source. In a similar vein, McGuire (1985) proposes that people infer that sources who differ demographically also differ ideologically from themselves. Thus, it is expected that models who are demographically similar to university students (e. g. , in early twenties versus late sixties) will be perceived as more similar and attractive and hence promote greater acceptance of the modeled behavior. In terms of the inclusion/exclusion model, dissimilar exemplars may simply not be included in viewers mental representation of the male gender role. Taken together, the available theory and evidence suggests that various images of men used in advertising (highly androgynous, mildly androgynous, or traditionally masculine images) can influence the gender role attitudes that men express soon after exposure to these images. However, this influence may be moderated by the gender role attitudes of the participants (more versus less traditional) and the demographic similarity of the media models to the viewers (college age versus retirement age). Several specific hypotheses were investigated: 1. It is expected that the impact of the male advertising images will depend on the initial gender role attitudes of the male viewers. Two competing possibilities were considered. On the one hand, less traditional mens gender role attitudes may be more affected by the momentary influences of all types of gender role portrayals than more traditional men. This pattern is expected to occur if less traditional men have wider representations of the male gender role than more traditional men. Alternatively, less traditional men may be more resistant to the impact of traditionally masculine images than are more traditional men because less traditional men may have developed defenses against the more limiting traditional prescriptions for male behavior. 2. The present research also seeks to determine whether the tenets of social learning theory apply to the impact of male media models on viewers male gender role attitudes. Based on social learning theory, it is expected that male viewers gender role attitudes will be more affected by media models whom the viewers perceive favorably versus unfavorably. Alcoholics Anonymous EssayEffects of Male Media Models on Subsequent Male Gender Role Attitudes A central question of the present investigation was to determine whether male media images can have an immediate effect on mens gender role attitudes and whether such effects are moderated by the traditionalism of participants male gender role attitudes and the demographic similarity of the media models to the viewers. In order to determine whether participants male gender role attitudes were affected by viewing the media models, participants attitudes immediately after viewing the advertisements were analyzed using analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA). The average Gender Attitude Inventory scores were examined as a function of type of original gender role attitude held (more traditional versus less traditional), type of media portrayal (highly androgynous, mildly androgynous, or traditionally masculine), and age of the media models (young versus old), with the participants original male gender role attitudes covaried out. Not surprisingly, original male gender role attitude was a significant covariate (p . 001) of the gender role attitudes they expressed after they had viewed the two advertisements. As expected, the impact of advertising images of men was moderated by the male gender role attitudes of the viewers. The average posttest GAI scores of more versus less traditional participants were differentially influenced by the type of media portrayals they viewed, F(2, 199) = 4. 31, p . 05 (see Table III). (6) While the difference in less traditional participants responses to the three different portrayals was significant, F(2, 107) = 4. 80, p . ere was only a marginal difference in more traditional participants responses to the media portrayals, F(2, 99) = 2. 37, p . 10. Thus, less traditional participants were indeed more susceptible to media influences than their more traditional counterparts. Compared to those respondents who viewed the highly and mildly androgynous portrayals, less traditional participants who viewed the traditionally masculine portrayals endorsed more traditional male gender role attitudes, F(1, 72) = 7. 97, p . 01, and F(1, 70) = 6. 62, p . spectivel y. The average adjusted GAI scores for less traditional participants who saw the highly androgynous and mildly androgynous media portrayals did not differ from one another, F 1, ns. Contrary to the possibility that less traditional men may have developed defenses against traditional prescriptions for male behaviors, less traditional mens gender role attitudes became more traditional, as compared to more traditional mens attitudes, after viewing traditionally masculine male images, F(1, 68) = 5. less than] . Although the influence of the advertising content on the post-exposure gender role attitudes of the more traditional respondents was only marginally significant overall, it may be useful to examine, somewhat tentatively, the pattern of responses seen among these individuals. The more traditional participants who saw the mildly androgynous portrayals displayed significantly greater traditionalism than those who saw the highly androgynous portrayals, F(1, 66) = 4. 12, p . d revealed marginally greater traditionalism relative to those who viewed the traditionally masculine portrayals, F(1, 68) = 3. 58, p . 07. There were no differences between more traditional participants who saw the media portrayals that were gender-typed as highly androgynous and traditionally masculine, F 1, ns. Contrary to the tenets of social learning theory, it appears that viewers liking for the highly and mildly androgynous media models may be unrelated to these models influence. Although there was a nonsignificant trend for type of media portrayal, F(2, 199) = 2. 78, p . 07, this was qualified by participants original gender role attitudes, F(2, 199) = 4. 31, p . 05 (see Table III). Likewise, contrary to Hypothesis 3, it appears that even though the age of the media models tended to serve as a similarity and attractiveness cue for more traditional participants, more versus less traditional participants were not more likely to emulate the behaviors and interests of younger versus older models, F 1, ns. DISCUSSION It appears that mens gender role attitudes can be influenced by the images of men they regularly see in the mass media. Rather than being fixed in memory, it seems that gender role attitudes are dynamic entities that are susceptible to momentary influences that emphasize either more or less traditional images of masculinity. However, it also appears evident that the specific impact that media images have is dependent on how traditional the male viewers are and the type of gender role behaviors and interests to which they are exposed. Contrary to the thought that less traditional men may have developed defenses against the more limiting traditional prescriptions for male behavior, the current investigation suggests that even less traditional men are not immune, at least in the short-term, to the influence of images that reinforce the cultural norm of strong, highly masculine men. Granted that the influence of traditionally masculine images may only be short-term, this pattern still makes one wonder about the malleability of less traditional mens gender role attitudes, particularly given that men are generally portrayed in a stereotypic fashion in the mass media (e. Busby, 1975; Pearson et al. , 1991). Wilson and Hodges (1992) have posited that when people hold complex attitudes, as less traditional men are likely to do, the most salient part of the attitude will have the most influence when a choice is made. Although less traditional men hold less traditional attitudes, they are also part of a culture that places a high value on masculine behaviors and interests and a somewhat questionable value on men displaying feminine behaviors and interests. Since less traditional mens representations of men are rather wide, including both traditional and nontraditional elements, less traditional men are susceptible to images that make more traditional elements of their attitudes salient. The salience of less traditional images, on the other hand, fails to induce change. This lack of influence may occur because the media representations are not sufficiently different from less traditional mens preexisting attitudes or even that less traditional men are less sensitive to nontraditional masculine images that are largely unsupported, if not discouraged, by strong cultural norms. More traditional men, on the other hand, appear less susceptible to the influence of media images of men. Unlike less traditional men, more traditional men did not fully incorporate any of the male portrayals into their representations. In fact, if anything, it appears that more traditional men react against media models who do not fit into their rather narrow pre-established male gender role representations (e. g. , Dillehay, 1978; D. Katz, 1960; Ruble Stangor, 1986; Wagman, 1955). Since more traditional participants may not be able to classify the intermediate, mildly androgynous models as prototypes of either traditional, \manly\ masculine men or \with it\ highly androgynous \modern\ men, they may feel uncertain or uncomfortable about assimilating the behaviors and interests expressed by the male models into their own lives. This uncertainty may cause them to react in a more traditional manner since more traditional attitudes are probably more safe and comfortable to the more traditional participants than are less traditional attitudes. In the same vein, more traditional participants may feel more comfortable expressing less traditional attitudes when they view media models that can be classified and understood to represent a specific type of masculine role (i. e. , masculine or highly androgynous). Even though social learning theory suggests that observers tend to seek out and emulate models who are interesting and rewarding and reject or ignore models who are not, it appears that this straightforward hypothesis does not provide an adequate explanation for the influence of media depictions. Though the men in this study were more favorably disposed toward the highly and mildly androgynous media models, there was not a consistent tendency to emulate the behaviors and interests displayed by them. In fact, the traditionally masculine images appeared to reinforce masculine cultural norms for less traditional participants while more traditional men appeared to reject or respond defensively to images that did not fit their definitions of what are appropriate role behaviors and interests for men. In sum, the argument that people emulate media portrayals that they find attractive may be too simplistic within the domain of mens gender role attitudes. Furthermore, it appears that reported affinity to a media model is largely irrelevant to the manner in which men categorize media images and, thus, has little influence on the likelihood of men including the models into their representations. This study also reinforces the idea proposed by others (e. g. , Hass, 1981; Simons, Berkowitz, Moyer, 1970) that the demographic similarity-persuasion link is not straightforward. First, the college age participants did not uniformly perceive the younger models to be more likable, similar, and attractive than the older models; rather, only the participants whose gender role attitudes were more traditional showed a somewhat more positive response to the younger model. Furthermore, in another instance in which liking for a media model is largely irrelevant to the models influence, even though more traditional participants responded more favorably to the younger versus old media models, their male gender role attitudes were not significantly influenced by the age of the models. The results of the present research suggest that more traditional participants have a greater sensitivity to issues of age and, more specifically, a bias toward youth, or ageism, than less traditional participants. In fact, it was only the more traditional participants who perceived the younger models to be more masculine, similar to themselves, and somewhat more attractive than the older models. Research has found that traditionalism is tied to authoritarian personality characteristics and that, in turn, authoritarianism is tied with prejudiced attitudes toward many social groups (Dillehay, 1978). Thus, it is tempting to speculate that more traditional individuals may also tend to be more ageist than less traditional individuals. The short-term influence of media depictions is especially interesting considering the prevalence of largely stereotypic media images in our daily lives (e. g. , Busby, 1975; Durkin, 1985a; Lovdal, 1989; Pearson et al. , 1991; Signorielli Lears, 1992). Although the present research only examined the short-term influence of media images, it is interesting to speculate whether repeated exposure to traditional images will, over the long term, translate to stable attitude change for less traditional men. This is an even more pertinent question given that media images are continuing to invade more and more facets of our lives. Televisions now play in airports and in schools, advertisements precede video and cinema movie presentations, and audio advertisements now even play while listeners are \on hold\ on the telephone. In addition, even short-term attitude change can have important implications for human behavior. For example, for a period of time after exposure to images reinforcing traditional masculine behavior, even less traditional men may revert to more dominating, sexist reactions toward women. This possibility represents an especially important avenue for future research. The overall implication of this study is that male gender role attitudes are complex and that it is difficult to change these attitudes in all men using the same methods. In line with Durkins (1985b) argument that individual difference variables moderate the impact of mediated models on gender role attitudes, the present research suggests that the influence of male media images is contingent on viewers prior gender role attitudes. While it appears that less traditional mens attitudes are susceptible to male media images, the attitudes of more traditional men, on the other hand, are less flexible, causing them to set up strict boundaries or definitions of what are appropriate male interests and behaviors. Anything that conflicts or contradicts this definition may be rejected. Thus, the present research casts doubts on the feasibility of creating dramatic changes in more traditional mens gender role attitudes through mass media channels because these men appear to reject images that do not fit their frameworks for appropriate male roles. In fact, it is interesting to speculate whether more traditional mens gender role attitudes may be more stable than less traditional men just because they do tend to reject more images of masculine behaviors and interests. Another factor that may be important to the influence of images of masculine behaviors and interests in advertising is the product that is associated with the masculine images. In the present research the products being advertised, gourmet coffee and a personal computer, are upscale products that are not generally considered either highly masculine or highly feminine products. It is interesting to consider whether mens perceptions of the media models would differ and even whether the effect found in the current research would have been different if the products associated with the male media models emphasized more traditionally masculine interests and behaviors (e. g. , a truck) or more traditionally feminine interests and behaviors (e. g. , a household appliance). Once again, it appears that any attempt to influence gender role attitudes through advertising is a very complex process. Not only is it important to examine the impact of the specific behaviors and interests that a male media model displays, but it is also very important to examine what influence the entire image of a media representation has on its viewers. Future research also needs to address the long-term influence of male media images and the effect of individual difference variables on this process. Additionally it would be interesting to further explore whether less traditional men do have a wider representations for the male gender role than do more traditional men. Examination of the impact of mass media portrayals in more realistic settings (i. e. , with more incidental exposure) is also desirable, in order to provide a more authentic view of the actual transmission of male gender role attitudes via mass media sources. Much more remains to be discovered about the impact of media images on human behavior patterns. This paper is based on a thesis submitted by the first author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts. We are grateful to Norbert Kerr and Linda Jackson for ideas and suggestions concerning this research; to Ann Baumgardner, Rick DeShon, and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on earlier drafts; and to Lisa Campbell, Brian Curneal, Nickie DeLaRosa, Moonson Elliott, Corrie Higgins, Leslie Rabaut, Brian Richardson, Nicole Rieger, Christopher Rocco, Adam Stevenson, Glenn Stutzky, and Patrick Taylor for their assistance in data collection. A few of Ashmore et al. s (1995) items were modified slightly in order to enhance the focus on the roles that men versus women play in contemporary American society. Items from eight of Ashmore et al. s subscales were not used (e. g. , homosexuality, female sex initiative, male violence, political leadership, social change, day care, abortion, and individual change). iminary analyses found that there was not a main effect for the gender of the experimenter present when the GAI measures were collected nor was there any interactions involving the gender of the experimenter and the theoretically central variable of type of media portrayal. Therefore, experimenter gender effects will not be discussed further. 5 Unexpectedly, participants appeared to respond differently to the models in the advertisements that featured Delvecchios coffee versus EPS computers on some measures. Since these findings are not related to the type of media portrayal viewed, the central focus in this study, and because these differences cannot be easily explained because the advertisements vary on a number of features (e. g. , photographs, products, name of the model, etc. ), these occasional differences in reactions to the two advertisements will not be discussed further. 6 A regression analysis that maintained participants original gender role attitudes as a continuous variable supported the same conclusions as when gender role attitudes were dichotomized.

Was Okonkwos Suicide at the End of the Novel Expected free essay sample

He was driven by the fear of his father- to avoid being weak and feminine, and as such, he developed into someone who was known for his perseverance, and it is indeed a shock that the protagonist eventually commits suicide, since one would have thought that he would possess enough courage to face the consequences. During the year of share-cropping, a vital year to Okonkwo, that marked the start of his career as a prosperous farmer, the rain poured, and the crops were destroyed. As many were discouraged, Okonkwo was described as having a heart of a(the) lion, and strived even harder instead of being beaten down by the failure. This is a clear representation on Okonkwos willpower, and perseverance. The fact that he was not able to face up to the changing Ibo culture and chose to gave up is certainly unexpected. Moreover, Okonkwo was always seen as a character that was warrior-like, one that believed in fighting back for a cause. In the novel, Okonkwo is described as a warrior, having been the first one to bring back a human head, in the latest prestigious inter-tribal war. This shows his prowess as a person, and his willingness to fight for a cause. Furthermore, he was one of the most respected lords of the clan, and he threw the Cat. His remarkable achievements as a wrestler that propelled him to fame serves as a clear representation of the fighting spirit that Okonkwo had. As such, we would expect him to feel very unjustified and anger towards the Whites for their humiliation for the leaders of the clan, through depriving them of basic rights such as the toilet, and shaving their heads, as well as for their breaking of the clan. Okonkwo was seen to be the ideal leader to lead his clan and tribe towards a revolution against the Whites, nd hopefully overthrow them. However, no such spirit was seen in Okonkwo, unlike the masculine traits he portrayed throughout the book. Instead, he chooses to hide as a coward and commits suicide in the end. However, on the flip side, there is a certain degree in which Okonkwos suicide was expected since we expected him to be driven by fear. Okonkwo is a man who was possessed by his extreme fear of weakness and failure. We see that very clearly here. In the novel, after the men were released, Okonkwo wanted the clan to fight back, and gain their rights. Hence, he proceeded to kill the head messenger to prove to them that they should fight back. However, the missionaries were allowed to run away and he would bear the consequences. But since Okonkwo previously knew about the men in Abame and the hanging incident, he could have chose suicide as an option over public humiliation. Since he was so afraid of failure and of seen as being weak or vulnerable, there was a high possibility that he would not want to face a public death and be subjected to the White mans tortures. Thus, the only way of an escape was for him to take his own life. This resulted in his suicide in the end. The reason as to why this fear would take over Okonkwo and undermine his other positive traits like determination, is solely due to his childhood background and the failure of his father, Unoka. As a child, Okonkwo barely had enough to eat, and his father was a poor farmer. He was the kind of farmer who enjoyed music and fellowship, instead of hard work in the fields. It was a disgrace to be shamefully insulted by his friends, that his father was called an agbala, which meant woman, and he took offence as it was a total shame to be called a effeminate in a masculine tribe. This was the main driving force that led to Okonkwos inbound fear of being seen as someone weak and incapable. He wanted to be someone with ambition, someone with drive, and someone with power over his own life. Hence, he chose to commit suicide and this was very predictable as he wanted to be the one who had the say over how he died. Furthermore, since Okonkwo was a very rigid man, it was one of the reasons for his suicide. Due to Okonkwos inflexible character, as seen in how he aw rules as rules and family as family, in terms of carrying out the goddess orders. In the killing of Ikemefuna, though Okonkwo was warned by a senior member, Ogbuefi Ezeudo, not to have a hand in the boys death, he still proceeded with the group of men and Ikemefuna into the forest. Even though he loved Ikemefuna as a son, and allowed him to carry his chair to important wrestling matches, he was not flexible enough to note the difference between obeyance as a member of the Ibo tribe, and close fostered bon ds as a family. His way of thinking was mainly one-tracked, and he did not view alternative ways of viewing the matter. Similarly for this dominance of the White people in the Ibo society, instead of viewing it positively on how they have set up a trading store, as well as a hospital and schools help to improve the standard of living in society, his rigid way of thinking as a person caused him to be uncomfortable to the changes in the hierachy structure. As a result of this, Okonkwo was not able to adapt to the changes successfully, and chose suicide to escape. There are internal and external factors influencing an individuals decision and view on different things. Okonkwos single action of commiting suicide shows how much weighing of his character was put into place, and conveyed his more dominant trait- blatant fear and inflexibility, which led to the death.